Estimación, Manejo y Control de la Contaminación No Puntual por Escorrentía Superficial Ganadera: Una Revisión de literatura
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Monica Pérez Sane
Camilo Torres
Jaime Lara-Borrero
Resumen
Los nutrientes, como el nitrógeno y el fósforo generan, entre otros impactos, la eutrofización en los cuerpos de agua. Estos impactos son principalmente causados por actividades agrícolas como la ganadería, debido a la aplicación de fertilizantes y/o al estiércol de las vacas. Los nutrientes transportados por la escorrentía llegan a los cuerpos de agua y generan contaminación. Esta problemática ha sido abordada desde la década de los 60, no obstante, se ha logrado poco avance en este tema. Los avances están relacionados con la estimación del aporte de nutrientes de forma teórica y a través de simulaciones, debido a los altos costos que implica tomar datos en el campo. También se han realizado esfuerzos en la implementación de Buenas Prácticas de Gestión para el manejo de las fuentes no puntuales, pero existe poca evidencia de la eficiencia de cada una de estas prácticas. Por otro lado, pese a la falta de información científica necesaria para formular políticas, se ha demostrado que la vía normativa puede ser el mejor mecanismo para controlar la contaminación por fuentes no puntuales. En este artículo, se presenta una revisión de estos tres componentes luego del análisis bibliométrico, estableciendo lo que se conoce actualmente y las brechas de información. Primero, se abordan los avances en la estimación del aporte de las fuentes no puntuales, segundo se presentan las Buenas Prácticas de Gestión, y tercero, se exponen los avances en materia de políticas para el control de la contaminación no puntual.
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